Youth Subcultures free essay sample

In humanism, humanities and social investigations, a subculture is a gathering of individuals with a culture (regardless of whether unmistakable or covered up) which separates them from the bigger culture to which they have a place. Six key manners by which subcultures can be distinguished: 1. Through their frequently negative relations to function (as inert, parasitic, at play or at recreation, and so on ); 2. Through their negative or irresolute connection to class (since subcultures are not class-cognizant and dont adjust to customary class definitions); 3. Through their relationship with region (the road, the hood, the club, and so forth , instead of property; 4. Created their development out of the home and into non-local types of having a place (I. E. Social gatherings other than the family); 5. The unpleasant their expressive connections to overabundance and embellishment (with certain exemptions); 6. Through their refusal of the baa annalist Of conventional life and amplification. The investigation Of subcultures regularly comprises of the investigation of imagery appended to apparel, music and other noticeable gestures by individuals from subcultures, and furthermore the manners by which these equivalent images are deciphered by individuals from the prevailing society. We will compose a custom article test on Youth Subcultures or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As per Dick Hebrides, individuals from a subculture frequently signal beneficiary participation through a particular and representative utilization of style, which incorporates designs, quirks, and dialect. Subcultures can exist at all degrees of associations, featuring the way that there are numerous societies or worth blends normally obvious in any one association that can supplement yet in addition rival the general authoritative culture.In a few cases, subcultures have been enacted against, and their exercises managed or shortened Sexual subcultures The sexual insurgency of the 1 backtalk prompted a countercultures dismissal of the set up sexual and sex standards, articulacy in the urban territories of Europe, North and South America, Australia, and white South Africa. An increasingly lenient social condition in these zones prompted a multiplication of sexual subcultures-?social articulations of non-regularizing sexuality.As with different subcultures, sexual subcultures received certain styles of design and motions to recognize them from the standard. Gay people communicated through the gay culture, thought about the biggest sexual subculture of the twentieth century. With the regularly expanding acknowledgment of homosexuality in the mid 21st century, remembering its appearances for style, music, and structure, the gay culture can never again be viewed as a subculture in numerous pieces of the world, albeit a few parts of gay culture like cowhide men, bears, and feeders are viewed as subcultures inside the gay development itself.The butch and femme characters or jobs among certain lesbians additionally incite their own subculture with cliché clothing, for example drag rulers. A late 1 9805 turn of events, the eccentric development can be viewed as a subculture comprehensively incorporating those that dismiss normatively in sexual conduct, and who commend perceivability and activism. The more extensive development concurred with developing scholarly interests in eccentric investigations and strange theory.Aspects of sexual subcul tures can differ along other social lines. For example, in the United States, the term down-low is utilized to allude to African-American men who don't distinguish themselves with the gay or eccentric societies, yet who practice gay cruising, and receive a particular hip-jump clothing during this movement An adolescent subculture is a young based subculture with unmistakable styles, practices, and interests. Youth subcultures offer members a personality outside of that attributed by social establishments, for example, family, work, home and school. Youth subcultures that demonstrate an efficient antagonistic vibe toward the predominant culture are some of the time depicted as countercultures. Youth subcultures are regularly recognized by components, for example, style, convictions, slang, tongues or practices. Vehicles - ? for example, vehicles, bikes, bikes or skateboards - ? have assumed focal jobs in certain young subcultures.In the Ignited Kingdom in the backtalk, mind-sets were related with bikes while rockers were related with cruisers. Explicit music types are related with numerous young subcultures, for example, punks, raves, metatheses and Goths. The investigation of subcultures Often comprises Of the investigation Of he imagery appended to attire, music, other obvious expressions of love by individuals from the subculture, and furthermore the manners by which these equivalent i mages are deciphered by individuals from the predominant culture. Financial class, sex, knowledge, similarity and ethnicity can be significant corresponding to youth subcultures. Youth subcultures can be characterized as importance frameworks, methods of articulation or ways of life created by bunches in subordinate basic situations in light of predominant frameworks - ? what's more, which mirror their endeavor to settle basic inconsistencies ascending from the more extensive cultural setting.

Checkmate free essay sample

Callie Rose battles with growing up as a nothing and, when she learns reality with regards to her nothing fathers life from her companion Tobey; who calls her a psychological militants girl, she loses control with her mom Sephy for concealing reality and chooses to follow Callums way with her new detest filled character. She likewise removes her fellowship with nothing Tobey, paying little heed to how sorry he is. Sephy feels caught and dismisses a proposal of marriage from her sweetheart Sonny. Sephy then meets Nathan, the proprietor of the café where she sings, and the two beginning a relationship. Callie Rose pulls back into her uncle Judes grasps and he prepares her to turn into a self destruction aircraft so as to kill Sephys father, Kamal Hadley. In the mediating years, Jude had become the General, the fearsome administrator of the Liberation Militia nothing guerrillas. Callie Rose beginnings dating the Cross Lucas, an ex companions sibling. We will compose a custom exposition test on Checkmate or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Jasmine Hadley, Sephys mother, does what she can to bring Callie and Sephy closer together yet creates bosom malignant growth and battles with her life. In a snapshot of shortcoming she drinks a glass of wine, breaking her past promise to never drink liquor again. Nathan proposes to Sephy, and she acknowledges; however then Sonny appears in her life again and she is left befuddled yet locked in. In the long run, Sephy is given a letter composed by Callum before he was hanged. It is the letter communicating his actual emotions. The letter Sephy got in the subsequent book had been an endeavor to convince Sephy to proceed onward after his demise. In this letter it is uncovered that Callum did, in fact, love her more than anything. At long last, Sephy and Callie Rose resume their relationship while Jude and Jasmine (in torment from malignancy) pass on together when Jasmine sets off Callies bomb, so as to keep Jude from harming Callie and Sephy any more. Likewise, Kamal Hadleys endeavor to turn into the following executive in the following political race is thwarted when his ex Jasmine enlightens the press concerning his tricky past, and a portion of the arrangements he was associated with.

On Monochromatic Reading Lists

On Monochromatic Reading Lists Scanning through my Twitter feed recently, I came across a Time.com message touting 35 Books Everyone Should Read in Their Lifetime. List lover that I am, I dove in, eager to refresh my to-be-read pile. Instead, I found the same old, same old: an overwhelmingly white and male list. It featured just three women authors â€" Harper Lee, Margaret Atwoood, L.M. Montgomery. Haruki Murakami was the lone person of color. Irritated, I replied: “I hope this is a first draft and you plan to do some soul searching about the bias you just put on blast.” I wrongly assumed that the whitewashed list, like so many others every year, was a sole author’s creation. Turns out, the real origin was more interesting. Time reprinted a Business Insider article summarizing a Reddit thread that asked, “What is a book that everyone needs to read at least once in their life?” A. Reddit. Thread. It’s bad enough that mainstream media reporters consistently develop and deliver whitewashed must-read lists on their own. (Witness this New York Times summer reading list.) But promoting third-party roundups of content produced on the same site as CoonTown feels like a new low. (Reddit only recently shut down some of its racist communities earlier this month.) This case highlights the intractability of bringing diverse authors to prominence. It’s not enough to persuade influential book reviewers to integrate their lists, hoping the spirit of inclusion trickles down to everyday readers not when major publications promote user-generated lists that are just as pale. Promoting diverse authors is a top-down, bottom-up, round-and-round battle fought in short-range, hand-to-hand. Forgive the war analogies, but the erasure of legions of authors feels like a kind of violence. Just today I received an all-white summer reading list from the graduate school I attended. Surely, the monochromatic roundup contradicts the university’s self-proclaimed efforts “to build a truly diverse, inclusive, and welcoming community for all.” To be clear, my issue is not with the wonderful authors who do appear on recommendation lists with regularity. Rather, I reject the customs and unconsciousness that callously promote those authors while systematically excluding worthy voices of a different hue. In the face of such persistent slights, a certain aggressiveness is required to give diverse literary voices a fighting chance. Only when enlightened readers produce a critical mass of tweets, essays and general outcry will reading lists more fully reflect our incredibly varied and colorful world. That’s why I love Book Riot posts like this, this and this. Vigilant community oversight and publicly calling offenders to account are promising tactics. I’ve seen an uptick in the number of widely read articles calling attention to the perils of whites-only book lists. When well-respected publications send their blanched lists of reading recommendations out into the world, enlightened readers are quick to call them out and offer more diverse reading options. Take Roxane Gay’s classic response, The Worst Kind of Groundhog Day: Let’s Talk (Again) About Diversity in Publishing. (I would expect the New York Times writer recognized for reaching “peak caucasity” to hesitate before delivering another ivory roundup.) But it’s not enough to nag publishing industry players into adding some token color to the palette. I would also like to see some guilt, reconciliation, and penance on their part. Recompense would look like joining us here in the real world and recognizing our humanity as readers, authors, characters. It would look like permanently relieving mindful readers of the duty of pointing out over and over again that people of a variety of ethnicities and experiences exist and matter. As Natalya Sylvester put it in a piece about tired summer reading lists: “Until we don’t have to point out diversity, until the word itself becomes more accurately replaced with ‘reality,’ it’ll be déjà vu over and over again.” It will take some time for diverse authors to bubble up in online popularity contests like the Reddit thread, but personally curated lists by pros and novices alike can transform in no time if pressure is applied. Are you in? My Pick for A Book Everyone Should Read? Each Kindness  by Jacqueline Woodson I love this elegant story of kindness and cruelty. In just 32 pages, it distills the essence of human conflicta persistent refusal to see the humanity in others and extend simple warmth and care. Set among school children, Each Kindness is told from the perspective of Chloe, a young girl who refuses to accept small gestures of friendship from Maya, the new girl. Maya wears spring shoes in the snow and plays alone, snubbed by classmates who laugh and name her Never New for her hand-me-down wardrobe. Despite her absolute rejection in the schoolyard, Maya continually reaches out, extending a glance, a smile, some jacks, a ballever optimistic that one day her affection will be returned. Alas, it is not, and we last see her jumping rope around the whole school yard alone, never stopping, never looking up. Heartbreaking. On the next page, Maya is absent from school and the girls’ teacher Ms. Albert gives a lesson in kindness. Chloe is moved when the teacher drops a small stone into a bowl of water, observes the ripples and says: “This is what kindness does. Each little thing we do goes out, like a ripple, into the world.” But Chloe can’t think of a single kindness to share when it is her turn to drop a pebble into the bowl. Later, she resolves to be kind and make the world better by simply returning Maya’s smile. But her realization comes too late. Maya’s absences from school pile up and Ms. Albert announces that her family had to move away. Chloe sits by a pond and considers each kindness she had never shown. I threw small stones into it, over and over. Watching the way the water rippled out and away. Out and away. Like each kindness â€" done and not done. Like every girl somewhere â€" holding a small gift out to someone and that someone turning away from it. The economy of Woodson’s prose and the solemnity of E.B. Lewis’s illustration combine to powerful effect. Together, they remind us that sometimes we learn valuable lessons too late, with real consequences for the people we spurn. It is a small kindness for readers to embrace the work of authors who reflect the abundant and varied world we live in, a kindness that ripples out and away, enriching us all. Don’t turn away.

Should Gay Adoption Be Legalized - 935 Words

Discrimination makes people feel powerless and that is exactly how same sex couples feel when they are attempting to adopt children. Adoption isn’t just about finding children for families, but it’s about finding families for children. The traditional definition of raising a family is one man and one woman raising their children together, which is why gay adoption has been a struggle for many gay couples. It is prejudice to deny homosexuals the right to adopt and have a family. As society evolves and cultural perspectives expand, gay adoption deserves to be legalized nationwide. The laws in the United States regulating adoption policies are not clear, and when it comes to homosexual couples adopting children, the laws are even more complicated. A Washington Post poll conducted in March of 2013 found that 70 percent of adults under age 40 support gay marriage. Even though thirteen states in 2013 have legalized it, and the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that g ay married couples cannot be denied federal benefits, gay couples trying to adopt children learn that both legal and cultural obstacles still occur. As legislatures and courts expand the legal definition of the American family, same-sex couples are beginning to feel more pressure. Many gay couples had accepted that they would never be accepted by society as loving parents and assumed they would never have children (Johnson 1). Although same sex parenting is becoming more accepting to today’s society,Show MoreRelated Gay Adoption Should be Legalized Essay2422 Words   |  10 PagesGay adoption by legal couples has become a rising controversy in the past decade, affecting the lives of many children and families. Most states allow gays and lesbians to individually adopt but do not allow them adoption as a legally recognized couple. In 1976, the American Psychological Association declared that â€Å"the sex, gender identity, or sexual†¦ orientation of natural, or pr ospective adoptive or foster parents should not be the sole or primary variable considered in custody or placement casesRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage Same sex marriage also known as gay marriage is the union between two of the same gender having all legal rights allotted to this agreement in a given jurisdiction. According to opponents of same sex marriages such unions are more of abandonment of gender since one cannot be in the said union and still believe gender is important. Supporters of same sex marriage however refer to same sex unions as marriage equality. Same sex marriages challenge the traditional meaning of marriageRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal in All States1390 Words   |  5 PagesSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal in All States When you see the word marriage, what do you see or think of? Majorities of Americans will see a man and a woman together. That’s because it is a tradition that marriage is between a man and a woman. Wouldn’t it be nice if everyone could marry the love of their life? Unfortunately, same sex marriage is banned in thirty-two states and only legalized in eighteen states. So why can’t gay and lesbian couples marry each other? Same sex marriage is protectedRead MoreEssay about Same-Sex Marriage and Adoption Should Be Legal703 Words   |  3 PagesSame-sex marriage and adoption should be legal, it should be allowed in every state, everywhere. As of 2014, only 17 states have legalized marriage rights to same-sex couples. The other 34 states have banned gay marriage through law, constitutional amendments, or both. For example, the Pennsylvania Governor won’t challenge overturning of same-sex marriage ban. State Attorney General Kathleen Kane has also announced that she will not defend Pennsylvanias same-sex marriage ban because of what sheRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal892 Words   |  4 Pagesto legalize gay marriage. The supreme court realized how many states were now legalizing it, so they just had all of the states left legalize it as well. ProCon.org supplies information that â€Å"Twenty-six states were forced to legalize gay marriage because it was the court s decision, eight by state legislators, three by popular vote, twelve by state law, and one by constitutional amendment (Par 1). Some positive outcomes now that it is legal to marry the same sex is that the adoption process willRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1594 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Will Greatly Benefit The Economy Same-sex marriage has been a long debated issue in the United States. Since the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Canada American gay couples have been pushing harder for equal marriage rights under the law. Opponents claim that allowing same-sex unions would not only lead to less stable marriages and higher divorce rates for heterosexual couples, but also precipitate an economicRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words   |  5 PagesRahime-Malik Howard Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage befor e the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legalized1379 Words   |  6 PagesName: Tutor: Course: Date: Gay Marriages Marriage is considered as hypothetically speaking, a rite of passage whilst from the religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before a supreme being. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate since time immemorial. However, over the past few years gay individuals have opted to air grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriages were unfathomable eventsRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1434 Words   |  6 PagesGay marriage has slowly become a significant factor amongst individuals of today’s society. On June 26, 2015, it was ruled out by the U.S. Supreme Court that gay marriage was now legal. The first thing that I thought was that â€Å"Wasn’t it already legal in the United States?† Well, apparently no it has not been legalized in the United States! (Dumb me.) The U.S. is known to be a nation of equality and gives everyone the freedom of the speech, bu t it is actually a nation full of racism, sexism, and homophobias

Essay on Distinctive Features of Near Death Experiences

Distinctive Features of Near Death Experiences It is estimated that only 5% of the population will have a NDE, this being a time when an individual is pronounced clinically dead but for some reason survives death and lives to try explain why and how they had this experience. Experiences like this are usually life changing. NDE are the link between whether there actually exist a separation between the physical body and the soul this is because the features of NDE’s are purely personal and take place in an individuals mind; there are no signs from the physical body that this experience has ever taken place. Dr Raymond moody paid a great interest in these experiences and by interviewing people who had†¦show more content†¦Another feature that is to do with hearing is the noise that many people have experienced when close to death. There have been accounts that describe this noise as an extremely unpleasant buzzing, roaring or whistling one man says ‘ it made me feel very uncomfortable†¦. I will never fo rget that noise’. However there have also been cases of the noise being more pleasant and taking the form of Japanese bells and music. The feelings that people experience while near death have had similarities, they are described as ‘extremely pleasant sensations’ during the earlier stages in the experience these include feelings of peace and quiet, warmth, comfort and solitude. All feelings you would not associate with a near death experience. One example is from a man who after a severe head injury lost all signs of life: â€Å"At the point of injury there was a momentary flash of pain, but all the pain vanished†¦ the day was bitterly cold, yet while I was in blackness all I felt was warmth and the most extreme comfort I have ever experienced.† The darkness that was mentioned in that mans experience is part of another feature that of the ‘Dark tunnel’ which is also often concurrent with ‘the noise’ It is basically a sensation of being pulled at aShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Voice in the Lovely Bones 687 Words   |  3 Pagesliterary techniques to draw the reader in, it is the narrator’s voice that is this novel’s most interesting and appealing feature. The narrative voice in this novel is unique to other novels because the narrator is a girl named Susie Salmon who is speaking from heaven. This is a distinctive point in the novel because it gives us the story from the perspective from others and we experience themes in the book that we never experienced before. Firstly the narrator of the book TLB is a teenaged girl namedRead MoreThe MÄ ori Cultural Death System Analysis Essay examples1669 Words   |  7 PagesDeath is a global event that we will all experience throughout our lifetime. How we respond to the mental conception of death is specific and highly influenced by our cultural worlds (Nikora, L. W., Masters-Awatere, B., Te Awekotuku, N, 2012). MÄ ori often act as if the Tangihanga is one of the only things that they possess, which has not transformed over time and have a proclivity to argue that it is one of the customs that absolutely remains as theirs and theirs only. This essay will look intoRead MoreThe Dream Of Any Scientific Mind1467 Words   |  6 Pagesmost invasive, deathly illnesses that takes the lives of around 595,690 Americans annually or to launch a new space age to discover, perhaps, new technologies and planets in which humans might be able to live once ours clashes. Since cancer is distinctive, remarkable sick nesses, which require diverse methodologies for treatment. Medicines that work for a few malignancies do not work for others and here and there those medications essentially stop working. Just boundless sources and endeavors doingRead MoreA Brief History Of Lyme Disease1232 Words   |  5 Pagesorganism. Followed by, means of infection in relation to geographical distribution and transmission of the disease. Finally, focusing on an overview of clinical features followed by a brief discussion of diagnosis, treatments, prognosis and control measures. Lyme disease can manifest itself in many different ways. Infected patients may experience a range of symptoms affecting their psychological and physical well being. This makes it challenging for healthcare professionals to diagnose the disease immediatelyRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Great Expectations1443 Words   |  6 Pages Charles Dickens is a well-known author famous for his skillful and distinctive writing style. One of the novels in which Dickens best demonstrates his masterful style is Great Expectations. In this book, many literary elements are employed to develop a cleverly blended story. To create a unique effect, comedy, tragedy, and garish features are mixed together throughout. The wide array of writing patterns used by Dickens can be found over the course of the entire book and exemplified in many differentRead MoreThe Zodiac Killer : Long Time Mystery Solved1199 Words   |  5 Pagescommitted suicide in 2002. After his death, his DNA was compared to some of the hig hest criminals, but there was no exact match. By 2002, The Zodiac Killer had already committed his crimes and would have his DNA from his final execution. The fact that Chandler’s DNA had not corresponded to any of the others proves that Chandler III could not have been the Zodiac Killer. However, valid information has confirmed that the Zodiac Killer was Earl Van Best Jr. Near September of 1969, Chris Harris, LosRead MoreA Comparative Study of Christianity and Islam1702 Words   |  7 Pagesand Islam --Collaborated by Lin Chuangsen, Lin Fan, Zheng Feng Zheng Jia I. Introduction Christianity and Islam, along with Buddhism, are considered to be the world’s three largest religions. As a particular form of human experience with distinctive qualities and patterns, they play an important part in all human cultures. Christianity and Islam are closely related to each other, because they both revere Abraham and certain other patriarchs mentioned in the Bible as their spiritualRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens1381 Words   |  6 PagesOf the extraordinary amount of literary devices available to authors, Charles Dickens uses quite a few in his novel A Tale of Two Cities, which is set during the French Revolution. One of his more distinctive devices is character foils. The five sets of foils are Carton and Darnay, Carton and Stryver, Darnay and the Marquis de Evremonde, Madame Defarge, and Mr. Lorry and Jerry Cruncher. Dickens uses foil characters to highlight the virtues of several major characters in order to show the theme ofRead More`` Maus `` By Art Spiegelman And The 1997 Film Of Life Is Beautiful1557 Words   |  7 Pagesevent. Both works manage to do such through similar means such as the father-son relationships present that although distinct, illustrate such humanity of individuals who were perceived to be less than human, while also containing several similar features upon their endings that correlates to the harsh reality of what the Holocaust truly was. A similar form in which both works accomplish their illustration of the humanity present in the negatively perceived Jewish race was through their compellingRead MoreEssay on Book Summary of the Bible Among the Myths2904 Words   |  12 Pagesessentially different from, the religions of its neighbors.†1 Oswalt is swift to acknowledge a major difference between the Old Testament and the religions of the Israelites Near Eastern neighbors. The divine medium of the Israelites’ neighbors was nature. On the other hand, the Israelites relied upon a unique human-historical experience. Oswalt also brings up that his book will address the ever-increasing amount of skepticism found within today’s society, when it comes to people believing in the validity

The Economy of Uae Free Essays

On what will the economy of the United Arab Emirates be based after the termination of oil resources? Among the independent states in the region of Persian Gulf, there are many countries which have achieved essential economics success, using the resource factor in their development. The Federation of the United Arab Emirates is considerably the best one. Owing to the richest oil deposits and the competent policy of using the given natural resources, it took them only 30 years to become one of the richest states in the world and reach the income level comparable with the highly developed countries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economy of Uae or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, what will be the base of the UAE’s economy, when the world runs out of oil supplies? Before the discovery of oil and gas sources the Trucial States (which today form the UAE) had limited resources and its economy depended mainly on agriculture and the trade in pears, that is why that period reflected the state of a simple subsistence economy. Since 1970 the situation began to change. December 2, 1971 six of the seven emirates (the emirate Ras-al-Khaimah joined in 1972) announced the creation of the federation called the United Arab Emirates. This event coincided with a massive increase in oil production, followed by a further sharp rising of oil prices. This course of events allowed the UAE to achieve the economic prosperity. At the same time, the ruling Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, realizing that oil is a finite resource, commissioned to work out a plan which could reduce the dependence of the state on oil. The state budget revenue in 1980 was fully formed with the profits from oil and gas. However, it was decided to develop a plan of the diversification of economy. Trade and tourism were chosen as the general directions. From year to year, the dependence on petrol production in the state is increasing: in 1980 oil took about 80% of GDP, but today, according to a number of sources oil takes about 30 % of GDP. The reduction of oil industry is happening due to the intensive development of the following sectors: trade, tourism and construction activity. Transport infrastructure is fairly well-developed and the foreign investments are actively being involved to the economy. What is the future of the UAE? How is the economy of the state going to develop without oil, which supplies, according to Jack Gerard’s researches (2005) will be absolutely depleted in 50 years? What kind of challenges will the United Arab Emirates be forced to face? Every state is a part of the world community and problems which the world faces, sooner or later will be actual in a separate state. One of the world biggest threats is the food crisis. For some countries it is relevant today, for others it is something, which they will have to face in the nearest future. Every state that wants to get rid of this terrible problem should actively create alternative sources of energy and develop the agriculture, right now. The UAE is not an exception. The main problem the UAE faced on the way of developing this sector is climate. There is no doubt that the investment funds, emitted on the construction of desalination water factories, make the agriculture industry more independent. Unfortunately, that is not enough. While the state has the time and possibilities it is necessary to concentrate seriously on this problem. They have to coordinate the directions of the Science Researches and achieve the high level of different types of technologies that will help to improve the necessary sectors quickly. In the future UAE must become the leader in producing the food stuff and also dematerializing water. Time is flying but no one accepts the fact that soon people around the world will depend on the quality and quantity of water and food. Implementation of these plans will enable the UAE to become the highly industrial state in 21st century, regardless the oil. The production of food and water will definitely fix the state up with economical stability. How to cite The Economy of Uae, Essay examples

Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in Fast-Food Restaurants Essay Example

Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in Fast-Food Restaurants Essay The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1756-669X. htm IJQSS 1,1 Service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in fast-food restaurants Hong Qin and Victor R. Prybutok Information Technology and Decision Sciences Department, College of Business Administration, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA Abstract Purpose – This study aims to explore the potential dimensions of service quality, and examine the relationship among service quality, food quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions in fast-food restaurants (FFRs). Design/methodology/approach – The construct reliability and validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and con? rmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was employed to estimate the relationship among service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Findings – Results indicated that ? ve dimensions were signi? cant: tangibles, reliability/ responsiveness, recovery, assurance, and empathy. Service quality and food quality were two main determinants of customer satisfaction. The insigni? ance of perceived value is potentially due to the homogeneous nature of the construct within the FFR group rather than the importance of the perceived value construct within food service. Originality/value – The FFR success model, using the original ? ve in the SERVPERF scale and another new dimension â€Å"recovery† to measure service quality, was empirically examined in the fast food industry. Several potential antecedents of sat isfaction, including service quality, food quality and perceived value were also tested. Keywords Consumer behaviour, Customer satisfaction, Fast foods, Customer services quality We will write a custom essay sample on Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in Fast-Food Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in Fast-Food Restaurants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in Fast-Food Restaurants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Paper type Research paper 8 International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences Vol. 1 No. 1, 2009 pp. 78-95 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1756-669X DOI 10. 1108/17566690910945886 1. Introduction Customers’ evaluations of the service quality are critical to service ? rms that aim to improve their marketing strategies (Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Jain and Gupta, 2004; O? r and Simonson, 2001). Firms that provide superior service quality also have a more satis? ed customer base (Aaker and Jacobson, 1994; Gilbert et al. , 2004; Gilbert and Veloutsou, 2006). Customer satisfaction is viewed as in? encing repurchase intentions and behavior, which, in turn, leads to an organization’s future revenue and pro? ts. As a result of the direct link with pro? ts, the issue of service quality and customer satisfaction has become a focus of the hospitality industries. More and more companies are compelled to assess and improve their service quality in an effort to attract customers (Gilbert and Veloutsou, 2006). There are some academic studies to address the service quality and customer satisfaction in fast-food restaurants (FFRs) (Brady et al. 2001; Gilbert et al. , 2004; Kara et al. , 1995; Lee and Ulgado, 1997; Qin and Prybutok, 2008); however, most of the studies are limited to the relationship between customer satisfaction and service quality. Some other potential determinants of customer satisfaction such as food quality and perceived value are ignored. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, very few studies have examined the recovery ability of FFRs, much less of its effect on the perceived service quality or customer satisfaction. Understanding the interplay between the recovery mechanism and customer behavioral intentions is important, because better recoveries increase the customer’s propensity to return to the same service provider whereas ineffective service recovery may reinforce the customer’s dissatisfaction with the service (Harris et al. , 2006). However, service recovery is not considered in the well-known SERVPERF model even though some ? ndings suggest that recovery dominates formation of customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions (Spreng et al. , 1995). This study contributes to the investigation of the above issues. First, we seek to develop a FFR success model by examining the key dimensions of service quality in the fast food industry. Speci? cally, another potential dimension, recovery, is incorporated into the SERVPERF instrument. After establishing suf? cient reliability and validity of this instrument, we proceed with the second objective – to examine the relationship among service quality, food quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The organization of this paper includes another ? e sections. The theoretical foundation of perceived service quality and its dimensions are reviewed in the next section, followed by the research methodology including the development of the instrument. Then, the data analysis and ? ndings of this study are presented, followed by the conclusions and managerial implications. The paper concludes with a section on the limitations of this work and potential future research. 2. Theoretical foundation The importance of service quality is substantially addressed in the fast-food management literature. Superior service leads to satis? ed and loyal customers whose continued patronage is essential to the success of FFRs. Conversely, poor service quality increases customer dissatisfaction and the likelihood that customers dine at a competitor’s FFR and/or become an active champion in persuading others to go elsewhere (Gilbert et al. , 2004). Hence, it is crucial for service managers to understand how customers perceive the service they provide, and what components might determine the nature of the perceived service quality in FFRs. 2. Measurement of service quality Over the past two decades, the research related to perceived service quality has swelled enormously. An important contribution to that research stream is Parasuraman et al. ’s (1988) 22-item SERVQUAL scale. This scale measures service quality by the degree of discrepancy between customers’ normative expectations for the service and their perceptions of the providers’ actual performances (Parasura man et al. , 1985, 1988). Five dimensions are unsheathed as the main attributes of service quality across a variety of services. These dimensions include tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Subsequent empirical works have applied the SERVQUAL instrument to measure service quality in a variety of business settings (Bojanic and Rosen, 1994; Fu and Parks, 2001; Furrer et al. , 2000; Gounaris, 2005; Heung et al. , 2000; Lassar et al. , 2000; Lee and Ulgado, 1997). Service quality in restaurants 79 IJQSS 1,1 80 Although the SERVQUAL instrument is employed enthusiastically, it has received heavy criticism from both a theoretical and practical perspective. The issues questioned include the use of gap scores, the overlap among ? ve dimensions, poor predictive and convergent validity, the ambiguous de? ition of the â€Å"expectation† construct, and unstable dimensionality (Babakus and Boller, 1992; Carman, 1990; Peter et al. , 1993; van Dyke et al. , 1999). By discarding the expectation portion in the SERVQUAL model, Cronin and Taylor (1992) justify their SERVPERF or performance-only instrument in place of the gap measurement approach. In addition, they provide empirical evidence that the SERVPERF instrument outperforms the SERVQUAL scale across four industries: fast food, dry cleaning, banks and pest control. The performance-only measures are used and suggested by many scholars in various industries (Gilbert et al. 2004; Keillor et al. , 2004; Law et al. , 2004; Parasuraman et al. , 1994; van Dyke et al. , 1997). In addition to the research of Cronin and Taylor (1992) in fast food industry, Jain and Gupta (2004) compare weighted and un-weighted versions of the SERVQUAL and SERVPERF instruments by conducting a survey of FFR customers in India. They ? nd that the SERVPERF scale is more effective in explaining the service quality constructs and variations in service quality scores within the restaurant industry. For the purpose of this study, we are following Cronin and Taylor’s conceptual model and use performance only to measure service quality. Several previous studies suggest that modi? cation of SERVPERF is necessary for application to different service industries (Andaleeb and Conway, 2006; Carman, 1990; Olorunniwo et al. , 2006). This served as an impetus to investigate other in? uential components of service quality within the fast-food industry. Speci? cally, we investigated 60 customer reviews of FFR service at: www. my3cents. com. From those reviews, we gleaned that most of the customers experiencing dissatisfactory service were complaining about the poor resolution of their negative experience rather than the service incidence itself. This supports the contention that most customers can accept that service is not ? awless and mistakes are tolerated if they believe that the restaurant is concerned about resolution of the service problem. This is consistent with prior ? ndings in the literature (Bitner et al. , 1990; Heskett et al. , 1994; McColl et al. , 2005). Failure itself does not necessarily lead to customer dissatisfaction; however, failure to handle recoveries effectively can lead to lost customers and negative word-of-mouth (Heskett et al. , 1994; McColl et al. , 2005).